History of Plant and Animal Domestication

History of Plant and Animal Domestication Nan Tao Ma The domestication of plant and animal has always been an important progress in human  agriculture and development. The domestication of plant such as wheat, grain or vegetable greatly  improved the food obtain and capability which allowed an increase on population due to the stable  food production; While the domestication of animal such as cow, horse or dog strength the  development of human society by significantly decreasing the manpower needed and increasing the  amount of work output. Although the domestication exists in human history for such a long time  and its common for human to domestication , there are still many questions and debate about the  beginning of the domestication. What factor pushed human to domestication, how did they first do  it and why they happened to develop in several widely spread area at the same time. The  development of the domestication is another question that troubles people. Why in some other  places there are a little or no domestication and what common does the domestication have in  different area. In this essay, we are going to discuss and analyze the beginning of domestication of  animal and plant by finding the factors that pushed people toward domestication of plant and animal  from looking at time and environment ; And compare the different area of domestication to  understand how did domestication develop through time and environment from knowing the  common factors that they shared during the process of domestication. To understand why something happened, its always important to know when it had happen. From the remain of sheep and goat that found in hominid site in southern and southern west Asia  that were older than 10000 years ago showed that there is no sign or evidence of any  domestication. It only suggested that hunters had been killing a whole population of goat and sheep  for need of food. However after the period of that, around 9000 – 10000 years ago, there is a change  toward the remain of sheep and goat that found in hominid site. The a large increase of skeleton  remains of younger sheep and goat were found in the hominid area. This showed that the practice of  domestication might began at that period of time, as the hominid started to keep herds of such  animals away from the nature realm of wild sheep and goat and trying to make and raise them  to adapted to human society. In the jiangxi province of China near the west side of the long river,  the remain of rice is found in the an old cave ruins that was 9000 – 13000 years old and was once  an settlement of early hominid that lived in that area along with stone made tools and other animal  remains. Although it was still a debate on whether hominid did start to grow rice at that period of  time, the large amount of remain in that had proved that hominid did have some kind of practice on  domestication; Else, there would not be such big settlement near the long river, as hunting and  gathering does not establish a permanent settlements for things like that, epically an area this large. In the Middle East and East Asia , the remain of dogs were found around 8000 – 12000 years old. As we knew, the dogs were wolves before they domesticated by human. The evidence of the dogs  fossil in these areas gave an important evidence of when human started to domesticated animal, as  dogs should be the one of the first animals that human domesticated due to fact that hominids lives  were based on hunting in the old time. There were more remains of other animals such as pig,  horse or cow were later found in the ancient hominids site that were 5000- 7000 years old. From  all the data that were gathered, it proved that the practice of domestication of animal and plant  started around 7000 -10000 years ago, when the neolithic age started. The rise of sea level and  climate change right after quitting the ice age could be the important factors that forced hominid to  change their life cycle they had and lead some of them to domesticate animal and plant other than  hunting and gathering in the wild. The explanation of the change of the life cycle and the change of nature of subsistence base of  hominid in sudden around 7000 – 10000 years ago has always been a question that hounded many  people. Why would they gave up their old life style of hunting and gathering and adapted a new  way of living such as agricultureà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¸ There were many debates about why the hominid suddenly  changed their way of life, there were several factors that I believe for the explanation of the  changing. The first factor was that the environment pressure forced hominid to change their way of  living. The end of the ice age brought great changes to the environment of the earth. During the  process this might have killed many traditional foods of hominid. For example the mammoths were  killed because of the rapid shift of environment that decreased their cycle of life and being hunted  too much by hominid; And not just mammoths, there might be also many other animals that  hominid viewed as traditional food were largely decreasing due to the rapid environment which  forced hominid to change their food sources and find a more stable way of keeping it. The second factor was that the population pressure was the problem that triggered the  transition of hunting to domesticate. Although hunting and gathering was a common way of life in  the nature, however, when the population was too high and the traditional food in the area were  decreasing,hunting and gathering would became unstable and much inefficient, as the food source  existed in the area could not satisfy the needed of the hominids. Thus domestication was needed,  agriculture and animal grazing were stable and providing large amount of food and compared to  hunting, it wasted less energy and safer. One evidence of that was that compare 10000 years before  where no clear sign of domestication and 10000 years after where domestication probably started  there is large amount of animals skeleton remain found in the hominids site. This showed that there  was a large action of hunting that might have killed too much animal to support the fast growing  hominid. The third factor was the suitable climax helped the hominid on transition from hunting and  gathering to domestication. During the early Holocene, although the climax changes destroyed  many previous animals, the favorable weather and increased raining greatly helped the exuberance  of vegetation and diversification of the plant family in the Holocene. This also invited many  newer spices to entered this era, such as goat or sheep and they were much gentle, as the large  amount of plant as food allowed them to not straggle for food. With the decreasing on traditional  foods, hominids were forced to change their prey and food. However, well condition provided them  enough diversity of foods that they had an significant increase on population which would  eventually became a problem as in factor two, that hominid developed domestication inevitably to  maintain a stable food source and gain abundant production from it, as domestication was much  efficient than huntin g and gathering when hominid were too populated. The domestication was  developed due to the existed suitable condition and suitable spices that was not in the era before. The one strong evidence that showed the possibility of the climaxs influence led and improved the  hominids mutation from hunting and gathering into a stable domestication was the existence of  raining and seasonal change after the the glacier was melted after the ending of the ice age. Before  the Holocene entered, there was the big freeze knew as the â€Å"Younger Dryas†, where there whole  land of earth was covered by ice and snows and no sign of seasonal change and raing. There was  little or no sign of domestication. However in the Holocene, where the tropic area, existence of  raining and seasonal changes appeared, the domestication of animal and plant grew rapidly in  many area. The explanation of it also proved the theory I talked before; the raining and seasonal  changes created a prefect cycle for agricultural which was not existed in the previous years. The  climax provided a great opportunity that hominid would eventually adapted to it due the gro wing of  population and exploring of food source to decrease the pressure in the new condition. This was  the one of the most important factor that drove humanity into practice of domestication, as without  the great environment, the domestication would not be practiced. Overall, the exchange from hunting and gathering into the domestication was something that  was inevitable. For example, when you have the opportunity to drive a car, you wold not want to  keep on riding your bicycle. It was in the human nature to always find a better way to live, that we  kept on mutating our method. The domestication was too obvious and too effective in the new  and suitable environment that it was normal for hominid to discover and change their method into  it. The need of new food source in the rapid changed world, the well structured and suitable  condition for domestication pushed the hominid to change their way of life. If the exchange of hunting and gathering to domestication was inevitable, why there were some  place had it more intensely than others, why some place that was apparently suitable for  domestication had little or no domestication and what factor these place which had domestication  have had in common? Although the factors in the last few paragraphs showed evidence and proved that due to the  climax, needed and exploration of new food source and grow population pushed the hominid to  adopt domestication, they were only the primary factor. There are also many side factors that would  cause change , alter or perhaps stop the exchange from hunting and gathering society into  domestication and agricultural. The special climax and weather condition of unique places and the  animal or plant species in the particular places also have great influence on the mutation from  hunting and gathering into domestication. Even though, the global climax after the ice age became much hotter and warmer that it was  suitable for agriculture, not all the area in the earth had suitable environment for domestication to be  practiced. One obvious example was the Eskimo who lived near the north pole and still as a society  of hunting and gathering. The crucial condition of the north pole was too harsh for any practice of  agriculture, as the in the first few paragraphs we indicated that climax was the one of the most  important factor for domestication of plant. In north pole, the cold air and non-existence of  raining made it impossible for any grow plant to produce enough amount of food source. However,  there was still little domestication such as making dogs as pet, as the need for fast traveling and  more manpower led people to domesticate dogs ( environment pressure). Another example was the  dessert area. In most place of dessert no domestication of animal nor domestication of plant we re  found as the environment was even too harsh for hominid to survive. There are also many other suitable areas that has well structured environment for agriculture or  grazing, but the species lived in its area or geography of it prevented hominid to domesticate in  such areas. The species had very big impact on the success of domestication, as for some species ,  they were too hard or impossible to domesticate in that era. For example, in some areas of ancient  Canada, the hominid there did not developed agricultural, but kept on hunting and gathering. The  reason why this happened was because the animals in that area was too hard to domesticate and  there was no useful plant that can be planted for extra food production. It was much and safer easier  to kill a bear than domesticate it, as bears cannot reproduce fast enough and dangerous to kept. The  Egypt had developed good agriculture, although it was in the middle of dessert. This happened  because of its geography near the Nile river and the suitable plants that grow beside it. The Nile  river provided enough water to support the people and agriculture, while the plants such as rice  were productive and easy to rise. The primary factor such as climax and side factors such species and geography decided the  domestication of an area, as in many areas that was fast growing they all shared common elements. In most demonstration area, the climax was often close or the same, as it was the most important  factor for domestication. It should often be dry summer, raining winter and favors plant with seed  that can survive long period. If summer was too wet or cold, or the overall season was too dry, most  domesticated plant would not survive. This was why in cold like north pole or hot place like Africa,  the domestication of plant for food was very hard. For most domesticated animal, they have been  selected by several same reason. They should be unagressive and maybe unterrioral that they were  easy to be capture and domesticate. They should be have fast growth rate and easy breeder in order  to be reproduce in a fast rate so that the food supply of hominid society could be supported by  them. They should also have a strong herding instinct that they were much easier to be controlled. This was why in early domestication, the animals that had strong herding instinct such as sheep and  goat or easy breeder and fast growth rate such as pig and chicken were selected first in most area, as  they were easy to controlled, feed and could benefit hominid in high production rate of born. For  the plant domestication, they also shared lots of common. Most of the plant that selected were near  the habitation site and were high productive. They also had to be suited or adapted to the right  seasonal cycle in order to provide enough food at right season for hominid. Overall, the  domestication in different places shared many common as the climax, geography and the species  in the area greatly affected the progress of domestication. In conclude, the exchange of hunting and gathering to domestication was something that was  inevitable for human, as the prefect environment and suitable species gave the opportunity for  hominid to learn and practice domestication. More importantly, it was our human nature of always  finding a better way of living led us to it and from the domestication we created more stable society  and kept looking for a better life that led to technology and created the spectacular world we have  today.

How Tv Impacts Teens :: essays research papers

Bud...Weis... Er!† This is a phrase that teenagers hear everyday. Where do they hear this? They hear it on TV. It is a phrase used in a commercial for beer. This phrase is used to attract people’s attention including teenagers. This is one of many problems with TV these days. TV teaches teens the wrong material. Some of the other problems with TV include violence and dialogue. When it comes to commercials on TV, people think of the cola wars between Pepsi and Coca-Cola, or maybe they think of the famous Energizer bunny. However, there are also commercials for beer and cigarettes. These are items that could be fatal in some cases. Yet, these items are advertised on TV for teenagers to see. Commercials for beer or cigarettes aren’t to pursue just adults, but to pursue adolescents as well. The tobacco companies and alcohol companies know that teens are the age group who are most vulnerable, therefore these large industries target their ads towards teens. For example, there is a commercial for Molson Ice –a brand of beer– that use teens in their ad. The ad’s scenario is a high school party where teens are having fun while drinking beer. So what are teenagers going to think? They will think that if they drink beer they will have as much as the teens in the commercial. As a result of adolescents drinking there will be violence. Where do teens learn the concept of violence? Where else but TV. There is definitely way too much violence on television. For example on cable networks such as HBO or Showtime, there are shows that are built around violence. Shows such as OZ. This show is about prisoners who fight and kill for the sake of fighting and killing. These kinds of shows cause teens to be violent. Teens see only one way of dealing with their problems and instead dealing with obstacles peacefully, they use their fists, knives, or even guns. Another result of violence on TV is the formation of gangs. Teenage gangs exist throughout the state of New York, including the peaceful town of Port Washington, where I live. So now people will realize that violent teens is due to the violenceon TV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third problem with TV is the dialogue. Adolescents today make more grammar mistakes then ever before. The grammar problems are a result of watching TV shows that use too many slang words and phrases instead of real English.

Finance: Free Cash Flow

inance COOPERATE FINANCE| Miss Afifa| | Assignment# 4| | UMAIR ASIF11 March 2013| You submitted this Assignment on Sun 10 Mar 2013 7:21 PM PDT. You got a score of 85. 00 out of 100. 00. You can attempt again, if you'd like. Top of Form Please read all questions and instructions carefully. Note that you only need to enter answers in terms of numbers and without any symbols (including $, %, commas, etc. ). Enter all dollars without decimals and all interest rates in percentage with up to two decimals. Read the syllabus for examples.The points for each question are listed in parentheses at the start of the question, and the total points for the entire assignment adds up to 100. You are strongly encouraged to use spreadsheets. Refer to Note on Sample Cash Flow Template. Question 1 (5 points) The project with the highest IRR is always the project with the highest NPV. Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| True| | | | False| ? | 5. 00| Correct. Try now to sort this out in different contexts,| Total| | 5. 00 / 5. 00| | Question Explanation This is all about the fundamental difference between IRR and NPV. Question 2 10 points) Ann Arbor is considering offering public bus service for free. Setting up the service will cost the city $0. 6M (where M stands for million). The useful life of the buses is 25 years. Annual maintenance of the buses would cost $50,000 per year and they would need a major overhaul in year 15 that will cost a total of $350,000. This overhaul is in addition to the annual maintenance. Annual operating costs will begin at $90,000 in year 1 and grow at 2% per year thereafter. By using the buses as advertisement space, the city will generate a revenue of $75,000 in year 1 and it will grow at 4% per year thereafter.Reduced parking requirements and other benefits generated by the project will save the city $100,000/year. The salvage value (price city can get in the future after maintenance) of the used buses in year 25 is expected to be $150,000. What is the NPV of the bus proposal? Ann Arbor does not pay taxes and the discount rate is 5%. (Again, all cash flows except initial investments happen at the end of the year. ) (You are strongly encouraged to use a spreadsheet. ) Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| -10223| | | | 29847| ? | 10. 00| Correct. You apparently have thought through issues. 31222| | | | 19323| | | | Total| | 10. 00 / 10. 00| | Question Explanation A real world problem with some simplifications in cash flows. Question 3 (5 points) Alpha Inc. has the following two projects that it is considering, and it wants to choose one. Project A has an investment outlay/expense today of $1,000, and its cash flows over the next three years are $500, $600, $700. Project B has an outlay of $2,000, and cash flows of $1,000, $1,200, and $1,400. Which project should Alpha choose? (You can assume no taxes. ) Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| Project A| | | |Does not matter; both are essentially the same| | | | Cannot make a choice based on information| ? | 5. 00| Correct. What information is missing? | Project B| | | | Total| | 5. 00 / 5. 00| | Question Explanation This question is probing your comfort level and understanding of decision making; and the most common pitfall we confront all the time. Question 4 (10 points) Mango Technology has the following three projects that it is considering; it can choose only one. Project A has an investment outlay/expense today of $100M, and its cash flows over the next three years are $20M, $40M, $70M.Project B has an outlay of $110M, and cash flows of $40M, $80M, $20M; Project C has an outlay of $120M and cash flows of $0M, $20M, and $142M. Which project should the company choose if the cost of capital for similar projects is 6%? Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| Project B| | | | Project C| | | | Do not have enough information| ? | 0. 00| You do have enough information. Try again. | Project A| | | | Total| | 0. 00 / 10. 00| | Question Explanation This is an exercise in testi ng your knowledge pitted against our tendency to choose the incorrect criterion for making decisions.Question 5 (5 points) To get from net operating profits after tax (NOPAT) to free cash flows (FCF), you need to ADD back depreciation, SUBTRACT capital expenditures and ADD net working capital (i. e. , current operating assets – current operating liabilities). (Free cash flow is another name for cash flows. ) Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| False. | ? | 5. 00| Correct. You understand the nature of â€Å"capital. â€Å"| True. | | | | Total| | 5. 00 / 5. 00| | Question Explanation This is an important issue that makes you focus on differences between stocks and flows. Question 6 5 points) Last year your firm had revenue of $20 million, cost of goods sold (COGS) of $12 million, Selling, General, ; Administration costs (SG;A) of $2 million, Account Receivables (AR) of $6 million, Account Payables (AP) of $4 million and Inventory of $4 million. What will be the free cash flow next/this year if you boost revenue 6% and AR 12%, while holding COGS growth to 3% and everything else remains the same as last year? (Assume no taxes and no new capital expenditures. ) (You are encouraged to use a spreadsheet even for this specific type of question. ) Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| 4170000| ? 0. 00| Review the basics; see template and references. | 6120000| | | | 7240000| | | | 5250000| | | | Total| | 0. 00 / 5. 00| | Question Explanation Cash flow estimation for a specific year. Question 7 (15 points) Rain in Spain (RiS) is a manufacturer of high quality raincoats. Currently, the retail price of each raincoat is $70 and is produced at a cost of $45. This past year, they sold 50,000 raincoats and they expect this number to grow each year by 6% each year for the next 10 years. The operations team at RiS recently brought to your attention a new technology that could lower the cost of production.This technology requires an upfront fixed investment of $2,000,000 a nd has the capacity to produce up to 90,000 raincoats per year at a 12% lower cost per unit. There is no increased working capital need due to this new technology, and no value of the machine/technology after 10 years. What is the NPV of investing in the new technology? Ignore taxes and assume a discount rate of 14%. (Hint: Think incrementally; the difference between the world without and with this new technology! Also, ignoring taxes will be a big help if you think right. ) (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals. (You are strongly encouraged to use a spreadsheet. ) Answer for Question 7 You entered: Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| -150683| ? | 15. 00| Correct. You exhibit a clear understanding of how to conduct incremental analysis. | Total| | 15. 00 / 15. 00| | Question Explanation A probing question that is all about the creation of value; incremental value. Question 8 (15 points) Fresh off the excitement of the 2012 London Olympic Games, you decide that you want your firm to take advantage of the profits to be made for the 2016 games in Rio de Jeneiro. To do so you plan to open a factory in Brazil.After examining the idea, your CFO projects revenues next year (2013) to be $15 million and costs to be $9 million. Both of these are expected to grow at a rate of 25% per year as the excitement for the games builds. Your firms faces a 35% tax rate, a 14% discount rate and you can depreciate your new investment using the straight line method over the four years leading up to the games, at which point the value of the venture moving forward will be $5 million. (This $5 million is the terminal value that is in year 4 (that is, 2016) dollars and is the PV of all cash flows year 5 and beyond. The capital expenditure of this project is $12M. What is the NPV of the project? Assume that you have no significant working capital costs. (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals. ) (You are strongly encourag ed to use a spreadsheet. ) Answer for Question 8 You entered: Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| 9815100| ? | 15. 00| Correct. You know how to set up and execute a valuation exercise, albeit a simplified one. | Total| | 15. 00 / 15. 00| | Question Explanation A valuation exercise that includes most of the elements of a real world situation. Question 9 15 points) Starbuck's is considering opening another store in Chicago. A store is expected to have a long economic life, but the valuation horizon is 7 years. The store in Chicago is expected to create revenues of $3M in the first year and they are likely to grow at 2% per year thereafter. The cost of goods sold are $1. 2M in year 1 and they are also expected to grow at 2% per year thereafter. Selling and administration costs are likely to be $0. 5M in the first year and then grow at 5%. The tax rate is 35%. Starbucks is so good at managing its stores that working capital increases can be assumed to be negligible.But Starbucks will hav e to invest $3. 5M in purchasing a store (with land). The good news is that this outlay can be depreciated straight line over 7 years. Also, Starbucks has estimated that the terminal value in year 7 dollars will be $10M. This value is the value of all cash flows in year 8 and beyond. What is the NPV of opening this new store if the appropriate discount rate is 7. 75%? (Again, all cash flows except initial investments happen at the end of the year. Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals. )(You are strongly encouraged to use a spreadsheet. ) Answer for Question 9You entered: Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| 7879584| ? | 15. 00| Correct. You are now building spreadsheet models. | Total| | 15. 00 / 15. 00| | Question Explanation It is time to do a more complete project analysis. Strongly encourage use of spreadsheets to build cashflows, though remember that you can do it step by step as well. Question 10 (15 points) Big Blue Granite (BBG) needs to purc hase a new saw for creating their top quality countertops. Saw A costs $250,000 with $4,000 of annual maintenance costs for the first year that will increase by 5% each year for the 7-year life of the saw.Saw B costs $150,000 with $10,000 of annual maintenance costs for the first year that will increase by 15% each year for the 4-year life of the saw. Which saw should BBG choose? What is the annualized cost of this choice? Assume a discount rate of 12%, and ignore all taxes. Your Answer| | Score| Explanation| (B, 46794)| | | | (B, 49983)| | | | (A, 59331)| ? | 15. 00| Correct. You know how to figure out the true annualized cost. | (A, 40367)| | | | (A, 38682)| | | | (B, 61624)| | | | Total| | 15. 00 / 15. 00| |

Compare Two Types of Music Eras Free Essay Example, 1500 words

For the most part, it was not until centuries later that people began to use musical notation to write everything down. However, there was some minimal notation being done, the process was so difficult and time-consuming that it only happened on a small scale, and it was only in churches that this kind of notation could actually happen on any kind of basis. This also led to most of the music of the period being church-based songs as well. It is also during this time period that we began to see the birth of polyphony, that will be the main focus of composers for many centuries to come. In was in its early beginning stages here, and was often found to happen during improvisational music. This is also when we began to see a split of the monophonic and polyphonic styles of music. We begin to see the long flowing melodies of the monophonic style, contrasted with the long and asymmetrical melodies of the polyphonic mode. The dissonance that developed in the polyphonic music of the time is another personal favorite of mine, as the sharp and hugely surprising changes in tone and musicality really show off what music is capable of. This development continued through the ages until we arrived at the modern music age at the turn of the century. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Two Types of Music Eras or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This age is perhaps my least favorite of all the musical ages and is defiantly not anywhere near the creativity and musical growth that was going on in churches during the Middle Ages. It is during this modern century that many different things have begun to happen to music. First of all, we have seen a total disrespect and poor attitude towards the musical past. Many musicians care nothing of the music that has come before them and is simply trying their best to have nothing to do with the older ages of music. To me, this is cutting you from great music, such as that of the Middle Ages, and should never be done. To completely cut yourself off from the past is to do the same for the present, and I feel that artists that do this are losing an integral part of what music is all about.