Teaching English Reflective Journal Essay

In TESOL class, I have learned that listening is a very important aspect of study of any language.   One way through which a second language learner learns a new language is by listening.   When they listen to the language above they use their â€Å"present linguistic competence†, to figure out the meaning of what they hear real time (Nunan 26).   Immediately, they connect the input information to their experience or something that they already know.   Using the cues in the situation, they then process the information to create â€Å"the meaning behind the words† (Nunan 24).   From this process, the language learners acquire language beyond their current level. Stephen Krashen has written many articles on second language acquisition and he describes listening as â€Å"a major source of comprehensible input† for second language learners (Nunan 25).  Ã‚   Stephen’s research has been very helpful in improving the way, a second language is taught today.   Teachers have applied different principles to improve their student’s listening skills in the classroom. In TESOL class, the bottom-up and top-down processing were discussed. The language teaching book by David Nunan defines them this way. The bottom-up processing emphasizes on details.   It focuses on â€Å"using component parts such as vocabulary, grammar, and the like, to process meaning† (Nunan 329).   And top-down processing focuses on â€Å"the general knowledge† and â€Å"life experience known as content schema or textual schema† (Nunan 27).  Ã‚   Basically, top-down processing activates learner’s background knowledge. In my opinion these two processes can be used interchangeably, if applied correctly, in accordance to the understanding of a student’s English language skills and needs.     I think either processes can work out to benefit all learners.   However, I think the bottom-up process can be more beneficial, especially for ESL learners considering that they are already learning about grammar, vocabulary and pronunciations. Their learning approach is similar to bottom-up processing, that focuses on details.   To start with, students can better approach basic foundation of the language from the bottom-up style and be able to gradually build their language skills like â€Å"building blocks† of language (Nunan 43).   This approach can give an upper hand to the teachers involved in language teaching, as they can teach many things like grammar rules, vocabulary, pronunciation, and intonation to students. It is important to know that focusing too much on details can lead stu dents to ignore the grammatical patterns, usage of the language and the meaning of lesson while they learn. I think top-down processing is more appropriate for someone who is proficient in language.   Those students are more likely to search for meaning of the language as a whole rather than looking at detail of the language.   It enables students to focus more on the larger and general information of the language (Nunan 27).   Looking at it globally, learners are able to remember the general information better and longer than dealing with specifics.   They can also easily relate the information to their past experience and knowledge (Nunan 26).   They will be able to easily activate information processing from top-down approach.   One disadvantage of the process would be that there is no time for students to review the details of the language while they process information. Given the limited benefit of each own process, I think both processes should be used in teaching so that the learners are able to see the information from bottom-up or top-down perspective. In TESOL book, the combination of the process is described as Interactive processing.   The interactive processing occurs when the top-down and bottom-up data are combined during the information processing (Nunan 29).   It activates the students to acquire language from the top and bottom approach. Teachers should use interactive processing as a teaching technique to complement their communicative teaching method.   If that learning strategy works out, students can become more proficient learner and can benefit their language fluency and accuracy skills. Reference Nunan, David. â€Å"Practical English Language Teaching.† First Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies: New York, 2003.

The Competing Values Framework For High Performance...

The Competing Values Framework in Relation to High Performance Management The purpose of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) is to facilitate the process of understanding the various management roles and how they can be applied more effectively in an environment of competing tensions. Each role is distinct and seemingly contradictory, but intertwining them is essential in order to achieve optimal efficiency; ultimately becoming a high performance manager. This â€Å"behavioral complexity-the ability to deal with the competing demands through the mastery of seemingly contradictory or paradoxical roles differentiates the high performing managers from their counterparts (Hart Quinn, 1993). In the process of becoming a high performance manager,†¦show more content†¦Tragedies and traumas, depending on how you frame them, can either result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or post-traumatic growth (PTG). In my case, I had consciously chosen to embrace the experience resulting in PTG, which starts by recognizing the uncertainties in life and em bracing them as fundamental tenets of human existence (George, 2015). This particular crucible has taught me that in life there may be instances that you cannot control similarly to business and leadership. Self-Awareness Psychologist Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence outlines five areas essential to achieving a high level of emotional intelligence (EQ): self-awareness, self-regulation, social skill, empathy, and motivation (George, 2015). Possessing a high EQ is invaluable as it allows individuals to connect with others on an interpersonal and emotional level rather than in a strictly intellectual matter. However, EQ and IQ are not mutually exclusive, instead, it is essential for both to be joined together to achieve an optimal level of leadership. Leaders who lack EQ and lead only with their intellect tend to dismiss the opinions of others and dominate decision making (George, 2015). Such leaders have the tendency to surround themselves with subordinates who are complacent and submissive. As a result,Show MoreRelatedAn Introduction to the Competing Values Framework1091 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction to the Competing Values Framework by: Kim Cameron, PhD An Introduction to the Competing Values Framework / 11.11 L DE ONG VE -T LO E PM R (CLAN) INTERNAL Do things together The opposite kinds of tools or techniques, such as competitiveness, fast response, decisiveness, driving through barriers, or goal achievement, could be highlighted in the lower right quadrant. 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This essay will discuss these three paradoxes faced by GustavssonRead MorePerformance Management Models4063 Words   |  17 PagesPortfolio â€Å"Performance Management† Executive Summary This report is intended to assist with all the relevant information about the different types of performance management models that companies can conduct in order to gain a successful organisation. There are three main models being discussed throughout the report that contain differences in the way they approach and implement things in an organisation. Read MoreThe Training Of Our Supervisors And Upper Management1334 Words   |  6 Pages In the upcoming training of our supervisors and upper management we will discuss the new discuss success factors of the organization. These success factors will shape our culture and help guide a universal approach to operating our business as we build an organization that is innovative, engaged and empowered. 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The first category suggests that hedging can increase the market value of equity and that companies should be concerned with total risk rather than systematic risk. There is, however, no comprehensive framework for explaining risk management within the imperfect financial environment in which firms operate. Therefore, it is not possible to drawRead MoreHow Organizations Function And Meet Their Goals1292 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals often look for methods to improve effic iency, effectiveness, and performance. Numerous models, theories, and bodies of study have developed with the aim at understanding and improving how organizations function and meet their goals. One effective model for leaders to understand and utilize is the High-Performance Programming Model (HPPM). Nelson and Burns (1998) describe the HPP model as a for understanding existing performance and areas of focus for moving an organization forward. The key element

Health Economics - 1189 Words

HISTORY OF HEALTH INSURNCE I stopped for a moment to imagine an average Americana’s world without a health insurance, what will become of such individual when the need for healthcare beckons? How will such individual offset the outrageous bill of healthcare? Health insurance is used in America to describe any program that helps pay for medical bills through the following: privately purchased and social insurance or a social welfare program usually powered by the government. Simply put, health insurance is any form of insurance that provides protection by offsetting the actual costs of medical services. Before the onset of federal government’s intervention on health insurance, it can be said that the onus were thrown to lower arms- the†¦show more content†¦Thanks to the J.F. Kennedy administration that put a new song on the lips of people in dire need of health insurance. His administration initiated a government sponsored healthcare where the elderly were really considered. This marked the onset of Medicare and Medicaid- Providing healthcare for retirees, aged and the impoverished. The concept of Medicare and Medicaid involves the federal government paying back physicians for taking care of the retirees, aged and the impoverished; this bill was passed in 1965. Although both Medicare and Medicaid started minutely to cover hospital and physician’s services; sporadically, the expenditure allocated to Medicare and Medicaid began to shoot up with time. Then in September 2, 1974, to address mishaps in the dispensation of certain large pension plans, a bill was passed which entails employee retirement income security act (ERISA); this led to the growth of self-insured employer health plan. Erstwhile, in 1973, Healthcare Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act was enacted, it was created to minimize the cost of healthcare by increasing the level of competition in the healthcare market and increasing access to coverage for individuals. 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Economic evaluation is a potential tool for setting priorities in health, though it is only one of many potential criteria, including overall budget and public attitudes and wants. Economic evaluationRead MoreHealth Economics1683 Words   |  7 PagesHSA 500 Health Services Organization Janeen Whiteside-Harris Professor: Dr. Maryjane Granoff October 24, 2012 United States (U.S.) Health Care System (HCS) Requirements are to write a three to four page paper covering the following: 1. Identify and evaluate at least three forces that have affected the development of the health care system in the U.S. 2. Speculate whether or not these forces will continue to affect the health care system in the U.S. over the next decadeRead MoreStatement Of Scholarship In Health Economics823 Words   |  4 Pagesto express my interest in the PhD scholarship in Health Economics at Monash University which was advertised in seek career website on 14th September 2017. 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E(w) = 0.5 *  £62,500 + 0.5 * ( £62,500 -  £4,900) E(w) = 0.5 *  £62,500 + 0.5 *  £57,600 E(w) =  £60,050 To find out what level of utility will this individual’s expected wealth yield, we simply have to put the value of the E(w) in the utility

Serrial Killer Essay Example For Students

Serrial Killer Essay The country has been gripped by fear and the serial killer has played right into that fear. The serial killer epitomizes the fear that police officers and the criminal justice cannot protect us. Serial killings account for less than one percent of annual homicides we have in America, yet they somehow touch the lives of almost every America. Serial killers are more common here in America then anywhere else in the world. Even though the likely hood of ever encountering a serial killer is very slim it is the serial killer that brings fear to many people in the Unites States. According to the book a serial killer kills several victims over a period of time. Almost all serial killers are sociopaths. They lack superego or conscience. A serial killer des not care about the humanity of his victims he does not empathizewith them, or feel remorseful. Serial killers like the power they have over there victims. Most serials killers are driven sexually to kill. They like the physical contact with there victims. Sociopaths have a character flaw they care about inflicting pain and suffering because as far as they are concerned there victims are unfeeling objects. Killing makes these people feel superior not only to their victims but to the police investigators too. Serial murders have been around for a long time. The furthest it has been dated back to was in the 1400s. Serial murders are the hardest for police investigators to figure out. Most of the regular murders are done by someone who was close to the victim. Serial murders on the other hand are done at random within a group of people. Police call these stranger killings because neithervictim, nor the victims family knows the killer. This makes it very hard for police to find the killer. The FBI was able to study many serial killers and have developed a profile to help them catch serial killers. A typical serial killer is a white male that has grown up in a dysfunctional family with an abusive mother. But the most useful physiological insights come from the crime seen itself. The FBI discovered the each criminal mind commits a different signature crime. After over twenty years the FBI has made catching serial killers an art. Bibliography: